Atoms and Molecules Supplementary Packages

Here we are displaying the documents which are supplementary to the packages of previous classes with the advanced model.

Here it will be displayed the two links and two posts for your convenience viewing

Introduction of NCERT book in class 9 book:

Ancient Indian and Greek philosophers have always wondered about the unknown and unseen form of matter. The idea of divisibility of the matter was considered long back in India, around 500 BC. An Indian philosopher Maharishi Kanad, postulated that if we go on dividing matter (padarth), we shall get smaller and smaller particles. Ultimately, a time will come when we shall come across the smallest particles beyond which further division will not be possible. He named these particles Parmanu. Another Indian philosopher, Pakudha Katyayama elaborated this doctrine and said that these particles normally exist in a combined form which gives us various forms of matter. Around the same era, ancient Greek philosophers – Democritus and Leucippus suggested that if we go on the dividing matter, a the stage will come when particles obtained cannot be divided further. Democritus called these indivisible particles atoms (meaning indivisible). All this was based on philosophical considerations and not much experimental work to validate these ideas could be done till the eighteenth century. By the end of the eighteenth century, scientists recognized the difference between elements and compounds and naturally became interested in finding out how and why elements combine and what happens when they combine. Antoine L. Lavoisier laid the foundation of chemical sciences by establishing two important laws of chemical combination

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Chemical Kinetics class 12

Chemical Kinetics name of the chapter: Chemical Kinetics Content Provider: FIITJEE Lecturer from FIITJEE Introduction based on NCERT: Chemistry, by its very nature, is concerned with change. Substances with well-defined properties are converted by chemical reactions into other substances with different properties. For any chemical reaction, chemists try to find out (a) the feasibility of a chemical reaction which can be predicted by thermodynamics ( as you know that a reaction with ΔG < 0, at constant temperature and pressure is feasible); (b) the extent to which a reaction will proceed can be determined from chemical equilibrium; (c) speed of a reaction i.e. time taken by a reaction to reach equilibrium. Along with feasibility and extent, it is equally important to know the rate and the factors controlling the rate of a chemical reaction for its complete understanding. For example, which parameters determine how rapidly food gets spoiled? How to design a rapid...

Chemical bonding class 11 Inorganic notes

Chemical bonding name of the chapter: chemical bonding Content Provider: FIITJEE Lecturer from FIITJEE Introduction based on NCERT books: The matter is made up of one or different types of elements. Under normal conditions, no other element exists as an independent atom in nature, except noble gases. However, a group of atoms is found to exist together as one species having characteristic properties. Such a group of atoms is called a molecule. Obviously, there must be some force that holds these constituent atoms together in the molecules. The attractive force which holds various constituents (atoms, ions, etc.) together in different chemical species is called a chemical bond. Since the formation of chemical compounds takes place as a result of the combination of atoms of various elements in different ways, it raises many questions. Why do atoms combine? Why are only certain combinations possible? Why do some atoms combine while certain o...

Purification Characterisation of Organic Compounds class 11

Purification Characterisation of Organic Compounds name of the chapter: Purification Characterisation of Organic Compounds Content Provider: FIITJEE Lecturer from FIITJEE simple notes: Organic compounds extracted from a natural source or synthesized in the laboratory require purification. Various methods are used for purification and are based on the nature of the compound and the impurity present in it. The purity of a compound is ascertained by determining its melting point or boiling point or by chromatographic and spectroscopic techniques. Fraction distillation can be defined as a process where the separation of a mixture takes place. A mixture of various components such as chemical components can be easily vaporized by heating them to a temperature more than their boiling point and forming different fractions. embedded pdf:

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