FIITJEE Chemistry

  CRYSTALLIZATION ü   What is “CRYSTALLIZATION” ü   Crystallization Definition ü   Crystallization Processes ü   Mechanism Of Crystallization   What Is “CRYSTALLIZATION”? ›   Crystallization, or crystallisation, is the process of atoms or molecules arranging into a well-defined, rigid crystal lattice in order to minimize their energetic state. The smallest entity of crystal lattice is called a unit cell, which can accept atoms or molecules to grow a macroscopic crystal. During crystallization, atoms and molecules bind together with well-defined angles to form a characteristic crystal shape with smooth surfaces and facets. Although crystallization can occur in nature, crystallization also has a broad industrial application as a separation and purification step in the pharmaceutical and chemical industries   * Crystal lattice  is the symmetrical three-dimensional structural arrangements of atoms, ions or molecules (constituent particles) inside a crystalline solid as poin

  Dark matter and dark energy Formation of dark energy –          When the universe formed after the big bang theory. It started as a small ball of energy, began expanding, and still continues. –          However, the thing that puzzles scientists are that instead of the expansion slowing down its rate is increasing, going against normal physics.   Formation of dark energy –          This explains the occurrence of energy causing the expansion which scientists term as dark energy. –          According to scientists 68% of the universe is dark energy, 27% is dark matter and only 5% is what we currently can observe. –          The theory to this was first given by Einstein’s long-forgotten gravity theory which consisted of a cosmological constant.   Why is there dark energy? –          Scientists have now given 3 explanations for dark energy: –          The first is of course Einstein's theory of gravity. –          a new theory could include some kind of fi

  Auroras Introduction: •        An Aurora is a natural light display seen in the earth's sky, usually found in the high latitude (arctic and antarctic). •        Auroras are a result of disturbances in the magnetosphere caused by solar winds. •        These disturbances are sometimes strong enough to alter the trajectories of charged particles in both solar wind and magnetospheric plasma. Colors of Auroras (We recommend seeing the presentation for more clearance below) Auroras can be of a variety of colors: •        Red: at very high altitudes •        Green: at lower altitudes •        Blue: at very low altitudes •        Yellow •        Pink •        Ultraviolet: found in mars, Jupiter, and Saturn   Aurora Polaris. •        Polar lights (aurora Polaris) are a natural phenomenon found in both the northern and southern hemispheres. •        When charged particles from the sun strike atoms in Earth's atmosphere, they cause electrons in the atoms to

  COLLOIDS   SOME IMPORTANT TERMS: - I) HOMOGENEOUS AND HETEROGENEOUS MIXTURES: - A mixture that has a uniform composition throughout its mass, with no unique features that are visible in between the particles are called homogeneous mixtures. The exact opposite case is for heterogeneous mixtures. HOMOGENEOUS--> Solutions HETEROGENEOUS--> Colloids & Suspensions   SOLUTE, SOLVENT, AND SOLUTION: -          I)  SOLUTION: - A Homogeneous Mixture containing two or more solids, liquids, and gases. Eg:- Sugar solution        ii)     SOLUTE: - The component that is present in a lesser amount in a solution is called a    solute. Eg: In the Sugar solution, Sugar is the solute as its present in a lesser amount.      iii)    SOLVENT: - The component that is present in a larger amount in a solution is called a solvent. Eg: - In Sugar solution, Water is the solvent because of its presence in a larger quantity   SUSPENSION: - •           A Suspensi

  The Planets Introduction •       The solar system contains many planets, each of them being unique and having distinct features. •       In this presentation, I am going to discuss: §   The different types of planets. §   The composition of the planets §   A brief description of the composition of ceres. Types of planets: •       Based on their composition, planets are mainly divided into two types; gas giants and terrestrial planets. i)                   Gas Giants: •       Gas giants are composed of a high percentage of solid material. Due to the extreme pressure that exists within the core of a gas giant, hydrogen may be converted into a metallic solid or liquid form. Frequently, there are other materials interspersed within this solid matrix as well.  •       Although all gas giants contain high amounts of hydrogen and helium within their overall composition, they may also contain heavier materials such as methane and ammonia. The differences in composition ca