FIITJEE Chemistry

 Solid states  name of the chapter:  Solid State Content Provider: FIITJEE Lecturer from FIITJEE Introduction given by NcertText book:  We are mostly surrounded by solids and we use them more often than liquids and gases. For different applications, we need solids with widely different properties. These properties depend upon the nature of constituent particles and the binding forces operating between them. Therefore, the study of the structure of solids is important. The correlation between structure and properties helps in discovering new solid materials with desired properties like high-temperature superconductors, magnetic materials, biodegradable polymers for packaging, biocompliant solids for surgical implants, etc. From our earlier studies, we know that liquids and gases are called fluids because of their ability to flow. The fluidity in both of these states is due to the fact that the molecules are free to move about. On the contrary, the constitu...

 Coordination chemistry   name of the chapter: Coordination Chemistry  Content Provider: FIITJEE Lecturer from FIITJEE Introduction based on NCERT books: we learned that the transition metals form a large number of complex compounds in which the metal atoms are bound to a number of anions or neutral molecules. In modern terminology, such compounds are called coordination compounds. The chemistry of coordination compounds is an important and challenging area of modern inorganic chemistry. New concepts of chemical bonding and molecular structure have provided insights into the functioning of vital components of biological systems. Chlorophyll, hemoglobin, and vitamin B12 are coordination compounds of magnesium, iron, and cobalt respectively. A variety of metallurgical processes, industrial catalysts, and analytical reagents involve the use of coordination compounds. Coordination compounds also find many applications in electroplating, textile dyeing, and medicin...

 Chemical bonding  name of the chapter: chemical bonding  Content Provider:     FIITJEE Lecturer from FIITJEE Introduction based on NCERT books: The matter is made up of one or different types of elements. Under normal conditions, no other element exists as an independent atom in nature, except noble gases. However, a group of atoms is found to exist together as one species having characteristic properties. Such a group of atoms is called a molecule. Obviously, there must be some force that holds these constituent atoms together in the molecules. The attractive force which holds various constituents (atoms, ions, etc.) together in different chemical species is called a chemical bond. Since the formation of chemical compounds takes place as a result of the combination of atoms of various elements in different ways, it raises many questions. Why do atoms combine? Why are only certain combinations possible? Why do some atoms combine while certain o...

 D block F block class 12 notes  name of the chapter:  Content Provider: FIITJEE Lecturer from FIITJEE Introduction based on NCERT textbook: The d-block of the periodic table contains the elements of the groups 3-12 in which the d orbitals are progressively filled in each of the four long periods. The elements constituting the f -block are those in which the 4 f and 5 f orbitals are progressively filled in the latter two long periods; these elements are formal members of group 3 from which they have been taken out to form a separate f-block of the periodic table. The names transition metals and inner transition metals are often used to refer to the elements of d-and f-blocks respectively. There are mainly three series of transition metals, 3d series (Sc to Zn), 4d series (Y to Cd) and 5d series (La to Hg, omitting Ce to Lu). The fourth 6d series which begins with Ac is still incomplete. The two series of the inner transition metals, (4f and 5f) are known as la...

 Acids Bases and Salts PPT   name of the chapter:       acids bases and salts Content Provider:            Student ( Dharani ) Acid Bases and Salts introduction by NCERT : You already know that acids are sour in taste and change the colour of blue litmus to red, whereas, bases are bitter and change the colour of the red litmus to blue. Litmus is a natural indicator, turmeric is another such indicator. Have you noticed that a stain of curry on a white cloth becomes reddish-brown when soap, which is basic in nature, is scrubbed on it? It turns yellow again when the cloth is washed with plenty of water. You can also use synthetic indicators such as methyl orange and phenolphthalein to test for acids and bases. In this chapter, we will study the reactions of acids and bases, how acids and bases cancel out each other’s effects and are much more interesting things that we use and see in our day-to-day life. Do Y...

 Molar Mass and Atomic Mass and first 20 elements  Molar Mass : In chemistry, the molar mass of a chemical compound is defined as the mass of a sample of that compound divided by the amount of substance in that sample, measured in moles. It is the mass of 1 mole of the substance or 6.022×10²³ particles, expressed in grams.   Atomic mass: The  atomic mass  is a weighted average of all of the isotopes of that element, in which the  mass  of each isotope is multiplied by the abundance of that particular isotope. ( Atomic mass  is also referred to as  atomic weight , but the term " mass " is more accurate.) Calculating Average  Atomic Mass:  Average  atomic mass  = f 1 M 1  + f 2 M 2  +… + f n M n  where f is the fraction representing the natural abundance of the isotope and M is the  mass  number (weight) of the isotope. The average  atomic mass  of an element can be found on th...

 Atoms and Molecules Supplementary Packages Here we are displaying the documents which are supplementary to the packages of previous classes with the advanced model. Here it will be displayed the two links and two posts for your convenience viewing Introduction of NCERT book in class 9 book: Ancient Indian and Greek philosophers have always wondered about the unknown and unseen form of matter. The idea of divisibility of the matter was considered long back in India, around 500 BC. An Indian philosopher Maharishi Kanad, postulated that if we go on dividing matter (padarth), we shall get smaller and smaller particles. Ultimately, a time will come when we shall come across the smallest particles beyond which further division will not be possible. He named these particles Parmanu. Another Indian philosopher, Pakudha Katyayama elaborated this doctrine and said that these particles normally exist in a combined form which gives us various forms of matter. Around the same era, ...

 PowerPoint presentation of  metals and nonmetals name of the chapter: Metals and nonmetals  Content Provider: FIITJEE Lecturer from FIITJEE an intro that just known to us (recall): Metals are described as chemical elements that readily lose valence electrons to form positive ions (cations). Examples : Aluminium, copper, iron, tin, gold. Around 90 of the total 118 elements are metals. To know more about Metals, visit Physical Properties Physical Properties of Nonmetals Occur as solids, liquids, and gases at room temperature Brittle Non-malleable Non-ductile Non-sonorous Bad conductors of heat and electricity Exceptions in Physical Properties  Alkali metals (Na, K, Li) can be cut using a knife. Mercury is a liquid metal. Lead and mercury are poor conductors of heat. Mercury expands significantly for the slightest change in temperature. Gallium and cesium have a very low melting point Iodine is non-metal but it has lu...

Chemical Kinetics  name of the chapter: Chemical Kinetics Content Provider: FIITJEE Lecturer from FIITJEE Introduction based on NCERT: Chemistry, by its very nature, is concerned with change. Substances with well-defined properties are converted by chemical reactions into other substances with different properties. For any chemical reaction, chemists try to find out (a) the feasibility of a chemical reaction which can be predicted by thermodynamics ( as you know that a reaction with ΔG < 0, at constant temperature and pressure is feasible); (b) the extent to which a reaction will proceed can be determined from chemical equilibrium; (c) speed of a reaction i.e. time taken by a reaction to reach equilibrium. Along with feasibility and extent, it is equally important to know the rate and the factors controlling the rate of a chemical reaction for its complete understanding. For example, which parameters determine how rapidly food gets spoiled? How to design a rapid...

THERMO CHEMISTRY name of the chapter:  Thermochemistry Content Provider: FIITJEE Lecturer from FIITJEE Simple introduction: This chapter introduces you to  thermochemistry , a branch of chemistry that describes the energy changes that occur during chemical reactions. In some situations, the energy produced by chemical reactions is actually of greater interest to chemists than the material products of the reaction. For example, the controlled combustion of organic molecules, primarily sugars and fats, within our cells provides the energy for physical activity, thought, and other complex chemical transformations that occur in our bodies. Similarly, our energy-intensive society extracts energy from the combustion of fossil fuels, such as coal, petroleum, and natural gas, to manufacture clothing and furniture, heat your home in winter and cool it in summer, and power the car or bus that gets you to class and to the movies. By the end of this chapter, you will know enou...

THERMODYNAMICS name of the chapter:  Thermodynamics Content Provider: FIITJEE Lecturer from FIITJEE Introduction based on NCERT : Chemical energy stored by molecules can be released as heat during chemical reactions when a fuel like methane, cooking gas, or coal burns in the air. The chemical energy may also be used to do mechanical work when a fuel burns in an engine or to provide electrical energy through a galvanic cell-like dry cell. Thus, various forms of energy are interrelated and under certain conditions, these may be transformed from one form into another. The study of these energy transformations forms the subject matter of thermodynamics. The laws of thermodynamics deal with energy changes of macroscopic systems involving a large number of molecules rather than microscopic systems containing a few molecules. Thermodynamics is not concerned about how and at what rate these energy transformations are carried out but is based on the initial and final states of a...

IONIC EQUILIBRIUM name of the chapter: Ionic Equilibrium  Content Provider: FIITJEE Lecturer from FIITJEE simple notes: Reactants and products coexist in equilibrium so that reactant conversion to product is always less than 100%. Equilibrium reactions may involve the decomposition of a covalent (non-polar) reactant or ionization of ionic compounds into their ions in polar solvents. In this section, we will learn about the ionic equilibrium in ionic solutions.  Substances in Ionic Equilibrium can be classified into two categories on the basis of their ability to conduct electricity given as under, The  equilibrium  established between the unionized molecules and the  ions  in the solution of weak electrolytes is called  ionic equilibrium . e.g., CH 3  COOH ⇔ CH 3 COO –  + H –  Electrolytes. Chemical substances which can conduct electricity in their aqueous stare or in molten state are called electrolytes embedded pdf:

CHEMICAL EQUIBRILLIUM name of the chapter:  Chemical Equibrillium Content Provider: FIITJEE Lecturer from FIITJEE simple notes: In a chemical reaction chemical equilibrium is defined as the state at which there is no further change in concentration of reactants and products. For example, At equilibrium, the rate of forwarding reaction is equal to the rate of backward reaction. Equilibrium  mixture:  The mixture of reactants and products in the equilibrium state is called an equilibrium mixture. Based on the extent to which the reactions proceed to reach the state of equilibrium, these may be classified into three groups: (i) The reactions proceed almost to completion and the concentrations of the reactants left are negligible. (ii) The reactions in which most of the reactants remain unchanged, i.e. only small amounts of products are formed. (iii) The reactions in which the concentrations of both the reactants and products are comparable when the system is in e...

 REDOX REACTION name of the chapter: Redox Reaction  Content Provider: FIITJEE Lecturer from FIITJEE. Introduction of NCERT: Chemistry deals with varieties of matter and change of one kind of matter into the other. Transformation of matter from one kind into another occurs through the various types of reactions. One important category of such reactions is Redox Reactions. A number of phenomena, both physical as well as biological, are concerned with redox reactions. These reactions find extensive use in pharmaceutical, biological, industrial, metallurgical, and agricultural areas. The importance of these reactions is apparent from the fact that burning of different types of fuels for obtaining energy for domestic, transport, and other commercial purposes, electrochemical processes for the extraction of highly reactive metals and non-metals, manufacturing of chemical compounds like caustic soda, operation of dry and wet batteries and corrosion of metals fall within ...

  Purification  Characterisation of Organic Compounds  name of the chapter:  Purification  Characterisation of Organic Compounds  Content Provider: FIITJEE Lecturer from FIITJEE simple notes: Organic compounds extracted from a natural source or synthesized in the laboratory require purification. Various methods are used for purification and are based on the nature of the compound and the impurity present in it. The purity of a compound is ascertained by determining its melting point or boiling point or by chromatographic and spectroscopic techniques. Fraction distillation  can be defined as a process where the separation of a mixture takes place. A mixture of various components such as chemical components can be easily vaporized by heating them to a temperature more than their boiling point and forming different fractions. embedded pdf:

  HYDROCARBON ALKENE name of the chapter:  Hydrocarbon Content Provider: FIITJEE Lecturer from FIITJEE simple notes: A compound of carbon and hydrogen is known as a  hydrocarbon . A  hydrocarbon  is said to be saturated if it contains only C—C single bonds. Benzene and its derivatives are called aromatic compounds introduction of NCERT: The term ‘hydrocarbon’ is self-explanatory which means compounds of carbon and hydrogen only. Hydrocarbons play a key role in our daily life. You must be familiar with the terms ‘LPG’ and ‘CNG’ used as fuels. LPG is the abbreviated form of liquified petroleum gas whereas CNG stands for compressed natural gas. Another term ‘LNG’ (liquified natural gas) is also in news these days. This is also a fuel and is obtained by the liquefaction of natural gas. Petrol, diesel, and kerosene oil are obtained by the fractional distillation of petroleum found under the earth’s crust. Coal gas is obtained by the destructive distillati...

 ATOMIC STRUCTURE name of the chapter:   Atomic Structure Content Provider: FIITJEE Lecturer from FIITJEE NCERT content: The existence of atoms has been proposed since the time of early Indian and Greek philosophers (400 B.C.) who were of the view that atoms are the fundamental building blocks of matter. According to them, the continued subdivisions of matter would ultimately yield atoms that would not be further divisible. The word ‘atom’ has been derived from the Greek word ‘a-tomio’ which means ‘uncuttable or ‘non-divisible. These earlier ideas were mere speculations and there was no way to test them experimentally. These ideas remained dormant for a very long time and were revived again by scientists in the nineteenth century. The atomic theory of matter was first proposed on a firm scientific basis by John Dalton, a British school teacher in 1808. His theory called Dalton’s atomic theory, regarded the atom as the ultimate particle of matter (Unit 1). In this ...

Gaseous State name of the chapter:  Gaseous state Content Provider: FIITJEE Lecturer from FIITJEE. NCERT content: The  gaseous state  is the simplest of all  states  of matter, but only  11 gases  in the periodic table behave as  gases  under standard temperature and pressure conditions ( STP i.e. 1 atm and 273K). These are Helium, Neon, Argon, Krypton, Xenon, Radon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Fluorine and Chlorine The primary difference between solids, liquids, and gases is that: Solids (substances that exist in the solid state) have definite shapes and occupy fixed volumes.  Liquids (substances that exist in the liquid state) do not have definite shapes, but they occupy fixed volumes. They occupy the shape of their containers and are slightly compressible. Gases (substances that exist in the gaseous state) do not have any definite shapes and do not occupy fixed volumes. Gaseous substances occupy the shape of their containe...